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A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array Article

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9,   Pages 100-114 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.015

Abstract:

Reconfigurable antennas are becoming a major antenna technology for future wireless communications and sensing systems. It is known that, with a single linear polarization (LP) reconfigurable antenna element, a preferred polarization can be produced from a set of multiple polarization states, thus improving the quality of the communication link. This paper presents a new concept of a polarization programmable reconfigurable antenna array that consists of a number of polarization reconfigurable antenna elements with a finite number of possible polarization states. By employing a new optimization strategy and programming the polarization states of all the array elements, we demonstrate that it is possible to realize any desired LP in the vectorial array radiation pattern with accurate control of sidelobe and crosspolarization levels (XPLs), thereby achieving the desired polarization to perfectly match that of the required communications signal. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to prove the concept, and they agree well with each other.

Keywords： 阵列天线     极化可编程天线     可重构天线    

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Correspondence: A low-profile dual-polarization programmable dual-beam scanning antenna array Perspective

Shichao ZHU, Yuanfan NING, Hongbo CHU, Pei XIAO, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 10,   Pages 1504-1512 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2300253

Abstract: A low-profile dual-polarization dual-beam scanning antenna array based on holographic control theory is presented in this paper. The radiating elements are ingeniously designed to achieve reconfigurable polarization and modulation of the radiation phase by controlling the state of the PIN diodes integrated on each element. A 72-channel series-parallel equal-amplitude and in-phase feeding network is integrated with the radiating array to achieve low-profile characteristics. The two-dimensional (2D) dynamic and accurate deflection of the beam is achieved by a designed direct current (DC) bias circuit that digitally encodes the antenna array using the single-chip microcontroller. A 2-element subarray and a 6×12 array have been fabricated and the digitally controllable radiation pattern of this antenna system has been experimentally verified. The antenna system can achieve the beam scanning of -30° to 30° with a step-scan of 5° at 11 GHz. The proposed antenna system is characterized by low profile, low cost, easy integration, and accurate beam steering, and holds broad application prospects in radar systems, smart antennas, and other fields.
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Novel architectures and security solutions of programmable software-defined networking: a comprehensive survey None

Shen WANG, Jun WU, Wu YANG, Long-hua GUO

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018, Volume 19, Issue 12,   Pages 1500-1521 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800575

Abstract:

Nowadays, cyberspace has become a vital part of social infrastructure. With the rapid development of the scale of networks, applications and services have become enriched, and the bearing function of the underlying network devices (such as switches and routers) has also been extended. To promote the dynamics architecture, high-level security, and high quality of service of the network, control network architecture forward separation is a development trend of the networking technology. Currently, software-defined networking (SDN) is one of the most popular and promising technologies. In SDN, high-level strategies are deployed by the proprietary equipment, which is used to guide the data forwarding of the network equipment. This can reduce many complicated functions of the network equipment and improve the flexibility and operability of the implementation and deployment of new network technologies and protocols. However, this novel networking technology faces novel challenges in term of architecture and security. The aim of this study is to offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on novel advances of programmable SDN, and to highlight what has been investigated and what remains to be addressed, particularly, in terms of architecture and security.

Keywords： Software-defined networking (SDN)     Security     Programmable    

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Programmable Adaptive Security Scanning for Networked Microgrids Article

Zimin Jiang, Zefan Tang, Peng Zhang, Yanyuan Qin

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 8,   Pages 1087-1100 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.06.007

Abstract:

Communication-dependent and software-based distributed energy resources (DERs) are extensively integrated into modern microgrids, providing extensive benefits such as increased distributed controllability, scalability, and observability. However, malicious cyber-attackers can exploit various potential vulnerabilities. In this study, a programmable adaptive security scanning (PASS) approach is presented to protect DER inverters against various power-bot attacks. Specifically, three different types of attacks, namely controller manipulation, replay, and injection attacks, are considered. This approach employs both software-defined networking technique and a novel coordinated detection method capable of enabling programmable and scalable networked microgrids (NMs) in an ultra-resilient, time-saving, and autonomous manner. The coordinated detection method efficiently identifies the location and type of power-bot attacks without disrupting normal NM operations. Extensive simulation results validate the efficacy and practicality of the PASS for securing NMs.

Keywords： Networked microgrids     Programmable adaptive security scanning     Coordinated detection     Software defined networking    

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Dynamic power-gating for leakage power reduction in FPGAs Research Article

Hadi JAHANIRAD,h.jahanirad@uok.ac.ir

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 4,   Pages 582-598 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200084

Abstract: devices have become widespread in electronic systems due to their low design costs and reconfigurability. In battery-restricted applications such as handheld electronics systems, low-power FPGAs are in great demand. almost equals dynamic power in modern integrated circuit technologies, so the reduction of leads to significant energy savings. We propose a power-efficient architecture for static random access memory (SRAM) based FPGAs, in which two modes (active mode and sleep mode) are defined for each module. In sleep mode, ultra-low is consumed by the module. The module mode changes dynamically from sleep mode to active mode when module outputs evaluate for new input vectors. After producing the correct outputs, the module returns to sleep mode. The proposed circuit design reduces the consumption in both active and sleep modes. The proposed low-leakage FPGA architecture is compared with state-of-the-art architectures by implementing Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmark circuits on FPGA-SPICE software. Simulation results show an approximately 95% reduction in consumption in sleep mode. Moreover, the total power consumption (leakage+dynamic power consumption) is reduced by more than 15% compared with that of the best previous design. The average area overhead (4.26%) is less than those of other designs.

Keywords： Field programmable gate array (FPGA)     Leakage power     Power-gating     Transistor-level circuit design    

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Design and implementation of various datapath architectures for the ANU lightweight cipher on an FPGA Personal View

Vijay DAHIPHALE, Gaurav BANSOD, Ankur ZAMBARE, Narayan PISHAROTY

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 4,   Pages 615-628 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800681

Abstract: Since the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT), data and system security has been the major concern for developers. Because most IoT devices operate on 8-bit controllers with limited storage and computation power, encryption and decryption need to be implemented at the transmitting and receiving ends, respectively, using lightweight ciphers. We present novel architectures for hardware implementation for the ANU cipher and present results associated with each architecture. The ANU cipher is implemented at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-bit datapath sizes on four different field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms under the same implementation condition, and the results are compared on every performance metric. Unlike previous ANU architectures, the new architectures have parallel substitution boxes (S-boxes) for high throughput and hardware optimization. With these different datapath designs, ANU cipher proves to be the obvious choice for implementing security in extremely resourceconstrained systems.

Keywords： Lightweight cryptography     Internet of Things (IoT)     Embedded security     Encryption     FPGA     Datapath design    

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Status quo and outlook of reconfigurable research

Li Yufeng,Qiu Han,Lan Julong

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 7,   Pages 82-89

Abstract:

Today, with new services and applications blooming on the internet, to enable traditional routers to offer enough capability and speed of upgrade along with these services and applications in time would become even harder than ever. Run-time reconfiguration (RTR), based on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), is a new promising technology that can configure the partial or total hardware logic resources of a system at run time. Based on the technology, reconfigurable routers can support dynamic reconfiguration of new hardware logic for the new service, while keeping the other services still run properly, hence can provide a new possible solution to the update problem of the traditional routers. After introducing the basic concepts of RTR and the current development of the FPGA, this paper summarizes the past major research efforts with respect to the reconfigurable router, as well as the current work on it. Research directions and open problems are also discussed from the point of view of reconfigurable network.

Keywords： internet     reconfigurable router     reconfigurable network     programmable hardware    

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Use of a coded voltage signal for cable switching and fault isolation in cabled seafloor observatories None

Zhi-feng ZHANG, Yan-hu CHEN, De-jun LI, Bo JIN, Can-jun YANG, Jun WANG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018, Volume 19, Issue 11,   Pages 1328-1339 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601843

Abstract:

Cabled seafloor observatories play an important role in ocean exploration for its long-term, real-time, and in-situ observation characteristics. In establishing a permanent, reliable, and robust seafloor observatory, a highly reliable cable switching and fault isolation method is essential. After reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of existing switching methods, we propose a novel active switching method for network configuration. Without additional communication path requirements, the switching method provides a way to communicate with a shore station through an existing power transmission path. A coded voltage signal with a distinct sequence is employed as the communication medium to transmit commands. The analysis of the maximum bit frequency of the voltage signals guarantees the accuracy of command recognition. A prototype based on the switching method is built and tested in a laboratory environment, which validated the functionality and reliability of the method.

Keywords： Cabled seafloor observatories     Cable switching and fault isolation     Coded voltage signal     Maximum bit frequency    

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NIPAD: a non-invasive power-based anomaly detection scheme for programmable logic controllers Article

Yu-jun XIAO, Wen-yuan XU, Zhen-hua JIA, Zhuo-ran MA, Dong-lian QI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 4,   Pages 519-534 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601540

Abstract: Industrial control systems (ICSs) are widely used in critical infrastructures, making them popular targets for attacks to cause catastrophic physical damage. As one of the most critical components in ICSs, the programmable logic controller (PLC) controls the actuators directly. A PLC executing a malicious program can cause significant property loss or even casualties. The number of attacks targeted at PLCs has increased noticeably over the last few years, exposing the vulnerability of the PLC and the importance of PLC protection. Unfortunately, PLCs cannot be protected by traditional intrusion detection systems or antivirus software. Thus, an effective method for PLC protection is yet to be designed. Motivated by these concerns, we propose a non-invasive powerbased anomaly detection scheme for PLCs. The basic idea is to detect malicious software execution in a PLC through analyzing its power consumption, which is measured by inserting a shunt resistor in series with the CPU in a PLC while it is executing instructions. To analyze the power measurements, we extract a discriminative feature set from the power trace, and then train a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network with the features of normal samples to predict the next time step of a normal sample. Finally, an abnormal sample is identified through comparing the predicted sample and the actual sample. The advantages of our method are that it requires no software modification on the original system and is able to detect unknown attacks effectively. The method is evaluated on a lab testbed, and for a trojan attack whose difference from the normal program is around 0.63%, the detection accuracy reaches 99.83%.

Keywords： Industrial control system     Programmable logic controller     Side-channel     Anomaly detection     Long short-term memory neural networks    

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Programming bare-metal accelerators with heterogeneous threading models: a case study of Matrix-3000 Research Article

Jianbin FANG, Peng ZHANG, Chun HUANG, Tao TANG, Kai LU, Ruibo WANG, Zheng WANG,j.fang@nudt.edu.cn,zhangpeng13a@nudt.edu.cn,chunhuang@nudt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 4,   Pages 509-520 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200359

Abstract: As the hardware industry moves toward using specialized heterogeneous many-core processors to avoid the effects of the power wall, software developers are finding it hard to deal with the complexity of these systems. In this paper, we share our experience of developing a programming model and its supporting compiler and libraries for Matrix-3000, which is designed for next-generation exascale supercomputers but has a complex memory hierarchy and processor organization. To assist its software development, we have developed a software stack from scratch that includes a low-level programming interface and a high-level OpenCL compiler. Our low-level programming model offers native programming support for using the bare-metal accelerators of Matrix-3000, while the high-level model allows programmers to use the OpenCL programming standard. We detail our design choices and highlight the lessons learned from developing system software to enable the programming of bare-metal accelerators. Our programming models have been deployed in the production environment of an exascale prototype system.

Keywords： Heterogeneous computing     Parallel programming models     Programmability     Compilers     Runtime systems    

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Joint Modulations of Electromagnetic Waves and Digital Signals on A Single Metasurface Platform to Reach Programmable Wireless Communications Article

Xiang Wan, Chaokun Xiao, He Huang, Qiang Xiao, Wei Xu, Yueheng Li, Joerg Eisenbeis, Jiawei Wang, Ziai Huang, Qiang Cheng, Shi Jin, Thomas Zwick, Tiejun Cui

Engineering 2022, Volume 8, Issue 1,   Pages 86-95 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.07.016

Abstract:

In current wireless communication and electronic systems, digital signals and electromagnetic (EM) radiation are processed by different modules. Here, we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface. The programmable metasurface consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements. A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the programmable metasurface. By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains, the digital information and far-field patterns of the programmable metasurface can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways. For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism, we present a programmable wireless communication system. The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beam-steerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information. The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system. This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth- or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.

Keywords： joint radar and communication     programmable metasurface     massive multiple-in and multiple-out    

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The Tessellation Rule and Properties Programming of Origami Metasheets Built with a Mixture of Rigid and Non-Rigid Square-Twist Patterns Article

Jiayao Ma, Shixi Zang, Yan Chen, Zhong You

Engineering 2022, Volume 17, Issue 10,   Pages 82-92 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.02.015

Abstract:

Metamaterials constructed from origami units of different types and behaviors could potentially offer a broader scope of mechanical properties than those formed from identical unit types. However, the geometric design rules and property programming methods for such metamaterials have yet to be extensively explored. In this paper, we propose a new kind of origami metasheet by incorporating a family of different square-twist units. The tessellation rule of these metasheets is established to allow compatible mountain–valley crease assignments and geometric parameters among neighboring units. We demonstrate through experiments that the energy, initial peak force, and maximum stiffness of the metasheets can be obtained by a summation of the properties of the constitutional units. Based on this, we are able to program the mechanical properties of the metasheets over a wide range by varying the types and proportions of the units, as well as their geometric and material parameters. Furthermore, for a metasheet with a fixed number of units, all the geometrically compatible tessellations can be folded out of the same pre-creased sheet material by simply changing the mountain–valley assignments, thereby allowing the properties of the metasheet to be re-programmed based on specific requirements. This work could inspire a new class of programmable origami metamaterials for current and future mechanical and other engineering applications.

Keywords： Origami metamaterials     Metasheets     Square-twist pattern     Non-periodic tessellation     Programmability    

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A novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity Correspondence

Li SUN, Shigang ZHOU, Guanxi ZHANG, Baohua SUN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 6,   Pages 975-983 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100421

Abstract:

We present a novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity. The proposed antenna consists of eight printed dipole elements in the form of a circular array. The arms of adjacent elements overlap for capacitive loading. Unlike traditional circular arrays, a method of exciting elements in the form of every two intervals is first introduced. We prove that this method can maintain the wideband characteristics of the antenna. Four independent feeding ports in a ring antenna aperture are designed for the polarization/pattern diversity with suitable feeding networks. As an example, a wideband dual-polarized antenna was designed based on the proposed ring antenna. To achieve two orthogonal linear polarizations with maximum radiation in the direction, two adjacent elements are extracted periodically to feed through one port. The differential feeding network and integrated Baluns have been designed to realize broadside radiation patterns, considering impedance and phase matching. Because the proposed antenna is hollow, it is a good candidate for a multiband sharing aperture antenna element. Results show that the proposed antenna has an overlapped bandwidth of 50.5% (1.04–1.82 GHz) with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 for the two polarizations, and port isolation less than 23 dB. The measured realized gain ranges from 6.1 to 8.1 dBi, with stable broadside radiation patterns over the operating frequency band.

Keywords： 环形天线；宽带天线；极化分集；方向图分集    

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Microwave metamaterials: from exotic physics to novel information systems Review Articles

Rui-yuan WU, Tie-jun CUI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 4-26 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900465

Abstract: Metamaterials and metasurfaces have attracted much attention due to their powerful ability to control electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this paper, we review the recent developments in the field of EM metamaterials, starting from their exotic physics to their applications in novel information systems. First, we show the fundamental understanding on traditional metamaterials based on the effective medium theory and related applications, such as invisibility cloaks and meta-lenses. Second, we review the two-dimensional versions of metamaterials, i.e., metasurfaces, for controlling spatial waves and surface waves and thereafter present their typical designs. In particular, we briefly introduce spoof surface plasmon polaritons and their applications in microwave frequencies. Following the above approach, we emphatically present the concepts of digital coding metamaterials, programmable metamaterials, and information metamaterials. By extending the principles of information science to metamaterial designs, several functional devices and information systems are presented, which enable digital and EM-wave manipulations simultaneously. Finally, we give a brief summary of the development prospects for microwave metamaterials.

Keywords： Metamaterial     Effective medium theory     Metasurface     Surface plasmon polaritons     Digital coding     Programmable     Information    

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A BCH error correction scheme applied to FPGA with embedded memory Research Articles

Yang Liu, Jie Li, Han Wang, Debiao Zhang, Kaiqiang Feng, Jinqiang Li,lylyly357@163.com,lijie@nuc.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 8,   Pages 1127-1139 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000323

Abstract: Given the potential for bit flipping of data on a memory medium, a high-speed parallel Hocquenghem (BCH) error correction scheme with modular characteristics, combining logic implementation and a look-up table, is proposed. It is suitable for data error correction on a modern field programmable gate array full with on-chip embedded memories. We elaborate on the optimization method for each part of the system and analyze the realization process of this scheme in the case of the BCH code with an information bit length of 1024 bits and a code length of 1068 bits that corrects the 4-bit error.

Keywords： 纠错算法；Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem（BCH）码；现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）；闪存    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Journal Article

Correspondence: A low-profile dual-polarization programmable dual-beam scanning antenna array

Shichao ZHU, Yuanfan NING, Hongbo CHU, Pei XIAO, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Journal Article

Novel architectures and security solutions of programmable software-defined networking: a comprehensive survey

Shen WANG, Jun WU, Wu YANG, Long-hua GUO

Journal Article

Programmable Adaptive Security Scanning for Networked Microgrids

Zimin Jiang, Zefan Tang, Peng Zhang, Yanyuan Qin

Journal Article

Dynamic power-gating for leakage power reduction in FPGAs

Hadi JAHANIRAD,h.jahanirad@uok.ac.ir

Journal Article

Design and implementation of various datapath architectures for the ANU lightweight cipher on an FPGA

Vijay DAHIPHALE, Gaurav BANSOD, Ankur ZAMBARE, Narayan PISHAROTY

Journal Article

Status quo and outlook of reconfigurable research

Li Yufeng,Qiu Han,Lan Julong

Journal Article

Use of a coded voltage signal for cable switching and fault isolation in cabled seafloor observatories

Zhi-feng ZHANG, Yan-hu CHEN, De-jun LI, Bo JIN, Can-jun YANG, Jun WANG

Journal Article

NIPAD: a non-invasive power-based anomaly detection scheme for programmable logic controllers

Yu-jun XIAO, Wen-yuan XU, Zhen-hua JIA, Zhuo-ran MA, Dong-lian QI

Journal Article

Programming bare-metal accelerators with heterogeneous threading models: a case study of Matrix-3000

Jianbin FANG, Peng ZHANG, Chun HUANG, Tao TANG, Kai LU, Ruibo WANG, Zheng WANG,j.fang@nudt.edu.cn,zhangpeng13a@nudt.edu.cn,chunhuang@nudt.edu.cn

Journal Article

Joint Modulations of Electromagnetic Waves and Digital Signals on A Single Metasurface Platform to Reach Programmable Wireless Communications

Xiang Wan, Chaokun Xiao, He Huang, Qiang Xiao, Wei Xu, Yueheng Li, Joerg Eisenbeis, Jiawei Wang, Ziai Huang, Qiang Cheng, Shi Jin, Thomas Zwick, Tiejun Cui

Journal Article

The Tessellation Rule and Properties Programming of Origami Metasheets Built with a Mixture of Rigid and Non-Rigid Square-Twist Patterns

Jiayao Ma, Shixi Zang, Yan Chen, Zhong You

Journal Article

A novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity

Li SUN, Shigang ZHOU, Guanxi ZHANG, Baohua SUN

Journal Article

Microwave metamaterials: from exotic physics to novel information systems

Rui-yuan WU, Tie-jun CUI

Journal Article

A BCH error correction scheme applied to FPGA with embedded memory

Yang Liu, Jie Li, Han Wang, Debiao Zhang, Kaiqiang Feng, Jinqiang Li,lylyly357@163.com,lijie@nuc.edu.cn

Journal Article